BASENJI color genetic – VAARAOKOERA, ETNA CIRNECO ja BASENJI TÜ

Color genetics is an extensive and interesting topic and it is impossible to consider all its aspects in one small publication. Those who are interested in this topic will find more information on color genetics themselves.

Here, only introductory information to the topic and specifics on the Basenji breed are given.

Let's start with the main and most common mistakes.

Mistake 1: Determining the possible puppiеs colors by simply examining the colors of the parental pair's pedigrees.

Mistake 2: Considering that a dog that has given birth to puppies of a certain color is necessarily a carrier of this color.

Mistake 3: Assuming that only 1-2 genes are responsible for the appearance of the color.

Color is a complex phenotypic trait and a whole company of genes is responsible for its formation, using them in different parts of DNA.

To make our narrative more understandable and not to be introduced immediately into the depths of scientific terms, we will present DNA in the form of a train with carriages. Each train carriage is a certain genetic trait. We are now interested in a train carriage with artists. And what do we need to know about them?

In this carriage (as indeed in the whole train), all compartments, which are all called LOCUSES, have only two seats. Each compartment carries one GEN passenger - a woman and one GEN passenger - a man.

If the GENES in the compartment are like-minded people, then they have no disagreements among themselves as to what color to paint the sketch. But if not like-minded people, then the hierarchy comes into play and the decision is made by that GEN-passenger who is more important (dominant gene).

When the decision already is made in every single train carriage, аll carriages (LOCUSES) in this train, according to the hierarchy (dominant or recessive), put their sketches together in one general drawing.

And when the drawing is completely ready, the conductor comes with a white brush and puts his marks on this drawing (IRISH WHITE SPOTTING in the Basenji)

This is roughly how the system works.

LOCUS OF COLOR contains 2 GENES, one of which the dog receives from the mother, and the other from the father. If these two genes are the same, then this locus is called - homozygous. If the genes are different, then this locus is called - heterozygous. Тhe one of the loci who is dominant will win, and the one who is recessive will lose.

Loci are usually denoted by letters of the alphabet.

There are many loci. Each of them is responsible for a certain sign of color. They can be responsible for the color itself, its intensity or location on the body of the dog. Not all loci have been discovered and studied yet.

Here we will consider the main two loci influencing the formation of one of the four Basenji colors - LOCUS A and LOCUS K.

LOCUS K is dominant over LOCUS A, i.e. LOCUS K > LOCUS A

LOCUS A (agouti color) is one of the most interesting and important. The genes of this locus, as well as two more: E (which we will not consider, because this gene is responsible for the formation of a mask on the face, and for the Basenji this is not relevant) and K, with which we will get acquainted later - determine the color of animals necessary for their adaptation to the external environment, helping to protect against enemies or disguising them when tracking down prey.

The initial color of all canines is a zonal (agouti) or wolf color, in which there is an alternation of darker and lighter zones along the length of the hair. The rest of the colors have arisen as a result of a mutation of the original gene.

If we take the closest relative of a dog - a wolf, then it can be noted that its color is subject to geographical variability. Frostwolves are painted in very light colors, and in winter they almost completely turn white. The wolves of the most intensely colored subspecies live in the forest zone, while in the south, in the steppe zone and deserts, they are replaced by animals of a dull sandy color.

And it is precisely three color-forming loci (A, K, E), including locus A, that are responsible for the timely provision of the correct color for the environment. True, in the formation of the colors of the domestic dog, the decisive role is played not by natural selection, but by human imagination, but this in no way affects the nature of the appearance of colors. Man only fixes or rejects what was created by nature.

Pasechnik L.A. Dog colors

Locus A has 4 alleles (an allele is a variant of a gene). And the order of their dominance is as follows: Ay> aw> at> a

The aw gene is the same, mentioned above, the gene for the zonal color, aka agouti, aka wolf-color, aka boar-color, aka wild-color, aka pepper and salt-color. The Basenji does not have it and therefore we will not consider it.

Gene ay is the first and dominance at this locus. The official name of the Ay-color is reduced black, semi-official, but the most common is dominant red. The very name - reduced (reducere - push back, weaken) black, speaks eloquently about the function of the gene. The hair is colored with alternating light and dark areas.

The main task of the ay gene is to inhibit the production of black pigment.

Gene at - black tan color in basenji. The difference between this color and red is that a separate hair along the length is colored not by alternation, but completely either black or red. That is why black tan and white basenjis are so rich in color. The distribution of black and red hair over the dog's body is interesting. Tricolor (tan) dogs are almost completely black and only in certain places: above the eyes, on the sides of the jaws, on the inner surface of the ear, on the chest, on the paws, under the tail have there are small red markings, the so-called tan marks. At has little strength and and they can enough strength to "win back" from the black only these small islands.

P.S: yes, I remember about the white marks and they will be discussed below.

Gene a, the last gene of this А locus - solid black or recessive black. This is a very weak gene, due to some breakdowns, it is not able to perform the functions assigned to this locus, and does not interfere with the production of black pigment at all, which leads to the complete coloring of the dog in black. This gene is not in the Basenji breed and should not be found in the breed. But as many know, there was a dog in the breed, exported from Africa named Fula. And it was she who, having a red color and being mated with a red male, gave birth to black puppies. Therefore, since all our dogs are descendants of Fula, this gene is still sometimes "pops up" in Basenji litters.

LOCUS K - responsible for black and brindle colors.

Three genes were found in the K locus: K — gene of solid black color or dominant black color; kbr - brindle color (black stripes on a red background); k is the normal distribution of pigment in the coat (not black, not brindle). Dominance order: K > kbr > k.

Gene K is the most dominant at this locus. K fills absolutely the entire surface of the body with black paint. A dog can be genetically whatever at locus A, but as soon as at least one dominant gene K appears at the locus, the dog will immediately become a solid black color.

The kbr gene - blackens the red color background. Tiger stripes seem to be drawn on the red coat. The power of kbr extends only to these stripes, the main background, on top of which this gene draws, provides the locus A. Therefore, brindle is not an independent color, it is a color that blackens colors the base color in its own way. Brindle marks will be best seen on a clean red background.

The work of the k gene is not to work and does not interfere with the manifestation of genes of other loci. Only if LOCUS K contains both genes of the dog kk, LOCUS A has the opportunity to start working.

If we see the color of the Basenji, then always the first one that visually determines the color for us is LOCUS K.

Black Basenji with 100% certainty, in the K locus, necessarily carries at least one K gene.

Brindle Basenji with 100% certainty, in the K locus, necessarily carries at least one kbr gene and never carries the K gene.

Red and tricolor basenji with 100% certainty, in the K locus, have two kk genes and never carries the black K gene and the brindle kbr gene.

And this is an axiom, otherwise their color would not look the way it looks!

But what genes are located in locus A, is already more difficult to say.

It is absolutely certain - the A locus in the Basenji is possible to determine "by eye" only in the tricolor dog. They are always only - kk atat.

To deal with the white markings on the Basenji, which, as you remember, according to the standard, must be - on the chest, on all four legs and on the tip of the tail, as well as on the neck and in the form of grooves and a white muzzle on the head, we will look into melanins.

The color of all mammals, including dogs, is provided by only two types of pigments, black / brown (eumelanins) and red / yellow (pheomelanins). And this is quite enough to realize all the variety of colors that we observe in nature.

Melanins are very stable high molecular weight polymers, insoluble neither in water, nor in acids, nor in organic solvents. The influence of malanins on the body is enormous, these are not just color pigments. They affect the state, for example:

Coat
Skin and mucous membranes
Iris of the eye
The membranes of the brain and neurons
Ganglia (nodes) of the autonomic nervous system
Retina
Inner ear
Adrenal medulla
Colon mucosa

etc.....

Isn't it true that realizing this - it becomes clear why the Basenji standard wants to see good pigmentation and the right juicy color ....

It must be understood that the dog's hair is initially pure white (no pigment), which is not known to distort other colors when mixed. Therefore, in wool we see the real color of pure natural pigments (black / brown and red / yellow). But white can dilute any other color to lighter shades.

With a lack of black pigment, the hair will look gray, and with a deficiency of red, it will look fawn, with a lack of brown, it will look lilac.

That is, we come to the conclusion that the white markings in the Basenji are empty white hair, not filled with pigments. And we move on to the locus of WHITE SPOTTING

LOCUS S (locus white spotting) - the mission of the genes at the S locus is to control pigmentation. Dominance order S > si > sp > sw

The formation of pigment cells takes place at the embryonic stage and it is quite natural that this does not happen in an instant, but the whole process is prolonged in time. It begins in the manner of a lava eruption from a volcanic vent, the role of which is played by the primary pigmentation points located near the ears, eyes and on the croup at the base of the tail.

Then the process extends to the trunk, head, limbs (top to bottom), tail (from base to tip). Last but not least, the formation of pigment cells occurs in the neck (collar), the tip of the tail, fingers and ends on in the chest, pulling together at one point until the “coverage of the territory” is complete.

Breeders had the opportunity to observe the final stage of this process - puppies are born with unpainted noses and they are filled with pigment after a while.

At the S locus, the exact number of recessive genes is not yet known, and we are dealing with a conditional breakdown of the spotted color into categories, depending on the area white markings.

gene S - absence of white spots.

gene si - Irish white spotting. Dogs with the si genotype have white spots on the chest (from small to large, gripping shoulders), on the paws, on the muzzle, and a on the collar on the neck.

gene sp - spotting color. Dogs with genotype sp have more white than animals of the previous type.

gene sw - spread of white to almost the entire dog.

Variants of colors of puppies from a black tan and white dog with various combinations of partners.

black tan and white +	k k at at black tan and white	k k ay ay red and white	k k ay at red and white	kbr kbr аy ay brindle and white	kbr kbr ay at brindle and white	kbr k ay ay brindle and white	kbr k ay at brindle and white	К К аy ay black and white	K K ay at black and white	K K at at black and white	K kbr ay ay black and white	K kbr ay at black and white	K kbr at at black and white	K k ay ay black and white	K k ay at black and white	K k at at black and white
к к аt аt	k k at at	k k ay at	k k ay at k k at at	kbr k ay at	kbr k ay at kbr k at at	kbr k ay at k k ay at	kbr k ay at kbr k at at k k ay at k k at at	K k ay at	K k ay at K k at at	K k at at	kbr k ay at K k ay at	K k ay at K k at at kbr k ay at kbr k at at	K k at at kbr k at at	K k ay at k k ay at	K k at at K k ay at k k at ayt k k ay at	K k at at k k at at

Variants of colors of puppies from a red-white dog with various combinations of partners.

red and white +	k k at at black tan and white	k k ay ay red and white	k k ay at red and white	kbr kbr аy ay brindle and white	kbr kbr ay at brindle and white	kbr k ay ay brindle and white	kbr k ay at brindle and white	К К аy ay black and white	K K ay at black and white	K K at at black and white	K kbr ay ay black and white	K kbr ay at black and white	K kbr at at black and white	K k ay ay black and white	K k ay at black and white	K k at at black and white
к к аy аy	k k ay at	k k ay ay	k k ay ay k k ay at	kbr k ay ay	kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	kbr k ay au k k ay ay	kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at k k ay ay k k ay at	K k ay ay	K k ay ay K k ay at	K k ay at	kbr k ay ay K k ay ay	K k ay ay K k ay at kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	K k ay at kbr k ay at	K k ay ay k k ay ay	K k ay at K k ay ay k k ay ay k k ay at	K k ay at k k ay at
k k ay at	k k ay at k k at at	k k ay ay k k ay at	k k ay ay k k ay at k k at at	kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at kbr k at at	kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at k k ay at k k ay ay	kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at kbr k ay at k k at at k k ay at k k ay ay	K k ay ay K k ay at	K k ay ay K k ay at K k at at	K k ay at K k at at	K k ay ay K k ay at kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	K k ay ay K k ay at K k at at kbr k at at kbr k ay at kbr k ay ay	K k ay at K k at at kbr k ay at kbr k at at	K k ay ay K k ay at k k ay ay k k ay at	K k ay ay K k ay at K k at at k k ay ay k k ay at k k at at	K k ay at K k at at k k ay at k k at at

Variants of colors of puppies from a brindle-white dog with various combinations of partners.

brindle and white +	k k at at black tan and white	k k ay ay red and white	k k ay at red and white	kbr kbr аy ay brindle and white	kbr kbr ay at brindle and white	kbr k ay ay brindle and white	kbr k ay at brindle and white	К К аy ay black and white	K K ay at black and white	K K at at black and white	K kbr ay ay black and white	K kbr ay at black and white	K kbr at at black and white	K k ay ay black and white	K k ay at black and white	K k at at black and white
кbr кbr аy аy	kbr k ay at	kbr k ay ay	kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	kbr kbr ay ay	kbr kbr ay ay kbr kbr ay at	kbr kbr ay ay kbr k ay ay	kbr kbr ay ay kbr kbr ay at kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	K kbr ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at	K kbr ay at	kbr kbr ay ay K kbr ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at kbr kbr ay ay kbr kbr ay at	K kbr ay at kbr kbr ay at	K kbr ay ay kbr k ay ay	K kbr ay at K kbr ay ay kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	K kbr ay at k kbr ay at
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Variants of colors of puppies from a black-white dog with various combinations of partners.

black and white +	k k at at black tan and white	k k ay ay red and white	k k ay at red and white	kbr kbr аy ay brindle and white	kbr kbr ay at brindle and white	kbr k ay ay brindle and white	kbr k ay at brindle and white	К К аy ay black and white	K K ay at black and white	K K at at black and white	K kbr ay ay black and white	K kbr ay at black and white	K kbr at at black and white	K k ay ay black and white	K k ay at black and white	K k at at black and white
K K ay ay	K k ay at	K k ay ay	K k ay ay K k ay at	K kbr ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at K k ay ay K k ay at	K K ay ay	K K ay ay K kbr ay at	K K ay at	K kbr ay ay K K ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at K K ay ay K K ay at	K kbr ay at K K ay at	K K ay ay K k ay ay	K K ay at K K ay ay K k ay ay K k ay at	K K ay at K k ay at
K K ay at	K k ay at K k at at	K k ay ay K k ay at	K k ay ay K k ay at K k at at	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at K kbr at at	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at K k ay at K k ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at K kbr at at K k at at K k ay at K k ay ay	K K ay ay K K ay at	K K ay ay K K ay at K K at at	K K ay at K K at at	K K ay ay K K ay at K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at	K K ay ay K K ay at K K at at K kbr at at K kbr ay at K kbr ay ay	K kbr ay at K kbr at at K K ay at K K at at	K K ay ay K K ay at K k ay ay K k ay at	K K ay ay K K ay at K K at at K k ay ay K k ay at K k at at	K K ay at K K at at K k ay at K k at at
KK at at	K k at at	K k ay at	K k ay at K k at at	K kbr ay at	K kbr ay at K kbr at at	K kbr ay at K k ay at	K kbr ay at K kbr at at K k ay at K k at at	KK ay at	K K ay at K K at at	K K at at	K K ay at K kbr ay at	K K ay at K K at at K kbr ay at K kbr at at	K K at at K kbr at at	K K ay at K k ay at	K K ay at K K at at K k ay at K k at at	K K at at K k at at
K k ay ay	K k ay at k k ay at	K k ay ay k k ay ay	K k ay ay K k ay at k k ay ay k k ay at	K kbr ay ay kbr k ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	K kbr ay ay kbr k ay ay K k ay ay k k ay ay	K kbr ay ay K kbr ay at kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at K k ay ay K k ay at	K K ay ay K k ay ay	K K ay ay K K ay at K k ay ay K k ay at	K k ay at K k ay at	K kbr ay ay K k ay ay K K ay ay kbr k ay ay	K K ay ay K K ay at K k ay ay K k ay at kbr k ay ay kbr k ay at	K K ay at K k ay at kbr k ay at K kbr ay at	K K ay ay K k ay ay k k ay ay	K K ay ay K K ay at K k ay ay K k ay at k k ay ay k k ay at	K K ay at K k ay at k k ay at
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